Nonviolence and Ferguson

Much of the recent media focus on Ferguson has been on the violence, looting, and property destruction that some protesters have taken to. Both following Michael Brown's killing and the recent decision of the grand jury not to indict police officer Darren Wilson, this focus on violence has led many to question whether violent action can achieve lasting social change. 

Martin Luther King, Jr. has become a well-respected figure of the Civil Rights Movement. Yet, as Ta-Nehisi Coates reminds us in The Atlantic, "American society's admiration for Martin Luther King Jr. increases with distance"; it's easy to forget that "the movement he led was bugged, smeared, harassed, and attacked by the same country that now celebrates him." Yet compared to other leaders of the Movement—Malcolm X, in particular—his strategy of nonviolent direct action threatened little harm to white Americans (at least to those who claimed to not be racist). Because of this, it's easy still today for white Americans to encourage all black Americans to be more like him. 

It makes sense, then, for many to ask what King would say about this violent protesting. In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech in 1964 King stated, "Man must evolve for all human conflict a method, which rejects revenge, aggression, and retaliation. The foundation of such a method is love." Clearly King would not describe the looting and property destruction happening in Ferguson as "[Rejecting] revenge, aggression, and retaliation." It makes sense, then for Americans to urge these violent African American protesters to engage instead in a nonviolent protest that King would approve of.

The Ferguson protests (both violent and peaceful) cannot be separated from the centuries of racism and oppression in this country. Likewise, the violent protests cannot be separated from the underlying frustrations that prompted them. Even with his pleas for peaceful protests, King encouraged understanding. However, it is difficult—and perhaps even impossible—for white Americans to understand the reasons that these protesters have turned to violence. As A. B. Wilkinson writes in the Huffington Post: 

The majority of people in the U.S. probably agree that peaceful protest is the correct response to police brutality, yet is this the only response we should expect from young African American and Latino men who are daily stopped, frisked, harassed, beaten, tazed, and shot at by law enforcement officials? Even those who are nonviolent still sometimes end up the victims of police brutality. . . While criticizing them for using violence, many of us showed that we lack King's great ability to seek a deeper understanding of their motivations. 

As Wilkinson asks, "Is it really fair to ask these men to always seek nonviolence?" Even while opposing the violent actions taken by some protesters in Ferguson, it is important for us to, at the very least, attempt to understand where they are coming from; it is possible to do so while not condoning their actions.

Sources and further reading:

What Would MLK Say About Ferguson? (Huffington Post)

Barack Obama, Ferguson, and the Evidence of Things Unsaid (The Atlantic)

Antoher Black Man Killed

http://youtu.be/ImN6zCJ_BKM

http://rhrealitycheck.org/article/2014/08/26/price-blood-ferguson-reproductive-justice-issue/




        Since the birth of our nation, Blacks in America have been stereotypically labeled as dangerous to sanction the dehumanizing conditions and violent treatment that white Americans forced upon them. During the centuries of slavery, Blacks were considered child-like animals who were incapable of taking care of themselves. Therefore it was widely accepted that slaves needed strict discipline, often through beatings, for white Americans to maintain control. After the abolition of slavery, black communities continued to live in constant fear of white violence. Black men were lynched across the country for allegedly raping white women. In modern day America, black communities are still plagued by the threat of being the victim of unjust violence. They warn their children, especially the boys, not to appear to threatening and to comply to the law unquestioningly. Yet African Americans are murdered regularly by white Americans, including police officers, for looking threatening or appearing suspicious. In the article “The Price of Our Blood,” Katherine Cross describes the black mother’s fear for the life of her children as a reproductive injustice; however, I believe that it should also be considered a violation of human rights.

        The article addresses the crisis of children of color being killed out of prejudice. Black mothers are constantly being “denied [their] right to a family [they] could raise in safety” (Cross). My aunt would always pray when her son went to spend time with his friends because she feared that the world would interpret his black body as a threat. The potential dangers that their children may face makes some black women fearful of having children. These women’s reproductive rights are being violated because their “choice of whether or not to have a child is coerced by a terror inflicted on [them] and others like [them]” (Cross). Simultaneously, their human rights are being violated too. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.” Those rights are violated when a person is killed out of prejudice. One’s skin color alone should not influence our judgment of his character and validate hostile and fatal actions against him. The black community should have the right to live without fear of how the larger society with perceive and respond to them.

        The article “The Price of Our Blood” was written in response to Michael Brown’s death and events in Ferguson. In her poem, “When the Shotgun Questions the Black Boy” Sonya-Renee Taylor also questions the inhumane violence of white males against black boys and men, specifically Darrius Simmons, Emmett Till, Amadou Diallo, Oscar Grant and Sean Bell. Do you agree that a prejudice against black bodies has led to the vicitmization of black men and children? Do you believe that this is an issue regarding reproductive rights or human rights?

 

US Race Relations in Six Numbers

BBC News posted an interesting list of statistics, which are "six numbers that tell the story of United States race relations."  The numbers are: "2 black billionaires," "9.8% have a bachelor's degree," "75% of white Americans have only white friends," "10.9% black unemployment," and "37% of male prison inmates are black."  The article says that these numbers help to explain how the shooting of one black teen in Ferguson, Missouri, sparked violence across the United States.

In light of the decision not to indict Officer Darren Wilson for the death of Mike Brown, these statistics help to explain the reality of race relations in the United States, and the growing frustration of minorities with these relations.  In fact, these statistics are very discouraging, yet, sadly, not surprising.  As a country, the United States likes to think it has come farther than it has in establishing and maintaining racial equality.  However, these statistics prove that racism truly is not "dead" in the United States, as the Supreme Court claimed in 2013.

Many people have expressed befuddlement as to why people became so outraged over the murders of black teenagers such as Trayvon Martin and Mike Brown in recent years.  Looking at the statistics, it becomes clear that not only is racism very real and alive, but that racial tensions have always been present in the United States, and are only now becoming more visible due to the interconnectivity provided by the internet.  This newfound awareness of the true state of race relations in the United States, which blacks have long been aware of and which many whites are only just discovering, has led to all the protests and violence across the United States over the death of Mike Brown, which symbolizes the omnipresent racism blacks still face in this country.

The statistics listed in the article prove that race relations are not as simple as thought, especially after the election of the United States' first black president in 2008, which seemed such a positive step forward.  However, these statistics raise the question of what can be done to change the numbers, especially when many in the United States, including the Supreme Court Justices, do not seem to recognize the rampant racism.  The events in Ferguson have helped to start a discussion, but even more important is continuing that discussion and enacting positive change from it, which will be difficult unless the majority of Americans acknowledge that there is a problem in the first place.

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-30214825            

Social Media and Movements

In the midst of the campus and class discussions, the role of social media in movements and affecting change has been discussed, though not in as much depth as I believe is necessary.  Today, many people's lives revolve around their computer and their phones, and often people have some form of social media on both, whether it is Facebook, Twitter, Yik Yak, Instagram, Snap Chat, or any of the countless others, meaning that they always have access to it.  The recent events, both on campus and in Ferguson, regarding issues of race in particular, but also homophobia and sexism, raise the question of whether social media is more harmful or helpful to these causes.

In both cases, it seems that social media has been part of the problem as well as part of the solution. Some sites allow users to post anonymously, giving people more freedom to speak freely without judgment, which is what led to the hateful comments written on Yik Yak on the Rhodes campus.  As hateful and awful as these comments are, without Yik Yak, it is doubtful that we would be discussing race relations at Rhodes as much as we are.  In Ferguson, it was social media, not any news station, that eventually drew national attention to the death of Mike Brown.  However, social media also allows for cruel, insensitive, and racist comments about the murder of Brown to be posted for people around the world to see, which only make the situation more incendiary, not only in Ferguson, but in other cities with high racial tensions.

It is fascinating to think of social media's role in affecting change, especially when comparing it to the civil rights movement before these innovations.  As we have discussed in class, local movements had to call in someone famous, such as Martin Luther King, Jr., in order to gain attention from the media.  Now, however, all it takes is enough people sharing a Facebook post or a Tweet enough times for it to go viral, no media coverage required.  Launching a movement and getting attention, as was done in Ferguson, requires much less effort now than it did in the times of Martin Luther King, Jr., which allows more issues to bubble to the surface.  As frustrating as this can be for many people, who often just want the tension to ease or simply do not see these issues as their problem, it is better for these issues to be dealt with now and in the coming years rather than later.      

Does This Really Matter?

Born and raised in New Jersey, I am always scouring my favorite Jersey papers to help facilitate thought in my contributions to our blog for History 243. Recently I came across a brief article documenting a stabbing in Asbury Park. Asbury Park is home to much more than the making of my man Bruce Springsteen, despite what outsiders to the fine state may think. Asbury Park has grown over time to become one of the state's more dangerous cities, (excluding the big three: Camden, Trenton, and Newark). Crime, stemming from gang-related activity runs rampant throughout the historic town, and the brief rundown of the particular stabbing by the paper's media man is nothing new.

 The reason the article got the ball rolling for me is because of what has been learned in our course this semester. Specifically, the article brings to mind the Travon Martin controversy. For sake of space, I have attached an article describing the tragic event in entirety. My mind relocated back to that night in Central Florida because of the people involved. Martin was an African-American teenager, who provoked just enough tension to solicit a fatal pull to the trigger. The stabbing that took place in Asbury Park did not leave anyone dead, but the simplicity in which the story is written is disturbing.

 The media, especially with the rise of social media, does an effective (albeit not always productive) job of either burying history or making its events loud and shiny. In this particular case, a stabbing, likely gang-related and possibly racially charged, will disappear into the website's archives, likely not to be revisited within a week. Because newspapers and the internet are effective tools for engaging society, are newspapers at risk of undermining progress, especially on the local level? In the case of Travon Martin, which circulated onto the national level, discomfort, fear, and sobering accounts of life were continually taken up until the jury was out. Do newspapers have the ability to spark such profound reactions within the lives of their local audience?

 I think that the question is ultimately met with the glaring reality of how newspapers have to act in 2014. With advancing trends in social media and the progress of the internet, overwhelming challenges await the local story of yet another stabbing, which must elicit a reaction other than a lick of the finger and a turn of the page. Consistently ineffective newspapers do have an ability, and should take such windows of opportunity to cause more and more reaction on a local level, in order to elicit positive, and permanent change.

http://www.nj.com/monmouth/index.ssf/2014/11/asbury_park_stabbing_victim_tells_police_he_was_confronting_man_who_robbed_him_the_previous_night.html#incart_river

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin

How to Talk about the Civil Rights Movement to Children?

As I intend to become a teacher in the next few years, a question that crossed my mind is: how can we talk about the Civil Rights Movement to children?

Informing youngsters about the movement can be a controversial topic because of the violence it implies. However, children are the sculptors of our future. Hence it is crucial to pass our knowledge onto them so they know, remember, and do everything to prevent another historical tragedy. Teaching students respect as early as possible in their school years is important for them to be aware of the world’s diversity and not to judge people depending on their skin color or their religious beliefs.

Nowadays, many children know what war is and it makes it easier for an educator to talk about it. For obvious reasons, no movies can be shown to children but Art and drawings can be a good way to convey these ideas. Non-disturbing ways can be found to introduce African Americans’ conditions and fights to children such as books addressed to their age.

While doing some research about education and racism, I came across John Lewis’ book, March. It is a powerful recollection of personal stories in the form of a comic book. It can be looked at or read at any age as its words will become more important and carry more meaning as children grow older. John Lewis is a main figure of the movement and addressing this issue to children is a step towards equality, as today’s students are tomorrow’s future. This is an era that is not in the memories of young children but the events that have happened on campus recently show that racism is still preponderant in our society. The book March has a strong educational value. Time is running out and there are not many survivors who lived through this era. This is a first-hand testimony that needs to be shown to the world; and children are part of this world. 

The study of the Civil Right Movement should be continuous throughout the children’s school curriculum. As a French student, I had never deeply studied the African Americans struggles that have happened in the United States before going to college. This is a major struggle which is often eclipsed in French schools by the European main war, the Jews genocide. However, as citizen of the world, I think it is important to be taught about all of the wars and injustices that have taken place. Giving the African Americans’ fight more importance in school might be a way to promote awareness and have more open-minded citizens.

Do you think this would help? Or that it would make any change in our society?

Could Red Tape Raise Red Eyes?

Mike Levine of ABC news published an article today entitled "4 Reasons Cases Like Ferguson Are Hard for Feds to Prosecute". The article examines the ways in which Federal Prosecutors will have to pursue Officer Darren Wilson, who fatally shot 18 year old Michael Brown on August 9th, 2014. Following a decision by a grand jury in Ferguson, Missouri, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder will get to work. He understands the overwhelming lack of guarantee in bringing federal charges against Wilson.


Following an investigation into such a matter, Levine illustrates the four biggest challenges to charging Wilson with violating a citizens civil rights. The four reasons are as follows: "The law", "Issues of Proof", "Strong presumption in favor of law enforcement" and "Selective leaking/ public opinion". For sake of this entry, I will focus on the first, and shiniest obstacle Levine writes on, "The Law".


Federal prosecutors would have to prove Wilson's overall thought process, leading him to surmise that Brown posed as threatening was "unreasonable" and that he willfully deprived Brown of his constitutional rights. Examining the "reasonableness" of Wilson's decisions post shooting is not a difficult task. But in order to pursue their prosecution, the players involved must be certain that Wilson, despite acting within a split-second moment, acted "unreasonably". In order to discern whether or not Wilson acted outside of the constitution in depriving Brown of his constitutional rights is also extremely difficult. Investigation into Wilson's personal life is necessary in order for a decision to be made on the federal level. "If [the amount of force] was reasonable given all of what [Wilson] was confronting at the time, then he can't be charged". (Yeomans)


The difficulty the federal government may face depending on the Ferguson's jury decision brings up the question we have been continually confronted with in History 243 this semester: how do we confront and engage society? I think the examination of Wilson's personal life is paramount in measuring the amount of force he exerted on Brown. Wilson 28, was likely raised by guardians who experienced segregated spaces. Depending on how they were raised and conditioned, deep, psychosocial nuances may be engrained within Darren Wilson as a result of his upbringing. If such speculation is accurate, I believe the amount of force Brown was subjected to was unreasonable. Though Wilson may have grown up in a deeply sickened household, his actions this past summer must be met with justice. Ultimately, this simple logic only scratches the surface of an anticipated event brimming with implication.




https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/reasons-cases-ferguson-hard-feds-prosecute/story?id=27054979

Voting Restrictions: Past and Present

There was a video circulating around the web a few weeks ago. The topic: Harvard students take the 194 Louisiana literacy test and fail miserably. The video shows a number of Harvard students struggling horribly through the test, feeling defeated, and then astounded when they realized that they had to get all of the questions correct to pass the test. Of course, no one, not even some of the brightest students in America, could pass the test. Of course after seeing this I was reminded of the voting test we were given earlier this semester in class. The tests were supposedly administered to all voters who “couldn't prove a certain level of education.” Let be honest though, these are an obvious attempt to disenfranchise black voters. Another thing I liked about this video was the commentary by the students. In the process of fighting through these mind-bending questions, the students in the video demonstrate just how unjust the electoral process was before the Voting Rights Act passed the following year in 1965.

I found the part where the women was talking about African American attitudes toward taking the test to be very interesting. It’s very easy to simply say that the effect of these tests were that African Americans were stripped of their constitutional rights during this time. However, these tests were so much more than that. As the one young women said, these tests served to discourage African Americans from even trying to implement change. Knowing full well that if you for some stroke of luck happen to pass this test, white government leaders will simply make another, even harder, test to keep you from voting. From this, the optimists, the people who believed that true change could happen the harder they tried, were terribly disappointed. In response to their inability to vote, I don’t think it uncommon for those who were disenfranchised to never try to vote again. Ironically, it is these tests that turn to optimists, the people most likely to implement change, into people falling to the principal of learned helplessness.

At the end of the video, a young man talks about the current procedures in place to disenfranchise American voters. I think he brings up a good point about voting ID laws that have been implemented in the past few years. While it’s easy to dismiss all this as something entirely from the past, the reality is that even today not all registered voters get to vote. New voter ID laws have been criticized for keeping minorities from voting, because these laws concentrate on forms of IDs minorities are known to lack. What do you guys think about this video? Furthermore, do you think that the current voter ID laws are comparable to the literacy tests given to African Americans before the Voting Rights Act of 1965? Feel free to take the test. I've attached the link below. Remember you only have 10 minutes to complete it.  

Here is a copy of the test: http://www.crmvet.org/info/la-littest.pdf

And here is the video: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/video/2014/11/louisiana_1964_literacy_test_harvard_students_take_and_fail_the_exam_badly.html

 Marvel's "Black Panther" Will Join Other Superhero Movies

     On November 3, 2017, Marvel Studios will release a Black Panther movie, based on the famous black comic book characters which were created in the 1960s by Jack Kirby and Stan Lee. T'Challa (the Black Panther and king of the fictional African nation of Wakanda) was a superhero with powers, plot lines, and a background story that would successfully and positively change Marvel for years to come. 

 

      When the movie comes out in 2017, "The Black Panther will represent the first time Marvel Studios — the most prolific comic book movie producer in the U.S. — has released a live-action theatrical feature starring a black hero." (Cheney-Rice). T'Challa, a.k.a The Black Panther, will be played by Chadwick Boseman, who is best known for playing Jackie Robinson in 42 and James Brown in Get On Up. This beloved actor playing the part of a non-white main character/superhero represents a positive change from the typical white, male main character. This is especially important because the industry must remember to take into account its' multiracial audience. Finally, after years of comic book characters having their own movies- Fantastic Four, Spider-Man, Iron Man , Avengers- The Black Panther is earning his deserved spot in the movie industry amongst the rest of these iconic characters. Plus, this depiction of a colored superhero makes the Black Panther extra super.

 

      Because Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), also produced by Marvel Studios, received such positive reviews from viewers and critics, I feel more confident in Marvel's ability to turn The Black Panther into a movie. However, unlike the setting seen in Guardians of the Galaxy, the African nation of Wakanda is within a familiar (although fictionalized) world of Africa. ​The portrayal of Wakanda will be a significant aspect of the movie because it will sway from the stereotypical portrayal of African-nations being war-torn and impoverished. Instead of these frequent, negative depictions, Marvel portrays Wakanda as a prosperous, futuristic African nation, which has never been affected by colonialism. ​

 

      I know that the movie will not be in theaters for a few more years, but I look forward to the release in the meantime. I think that it is important for movies, and especially superhero movies, to appeal to the broadest audiences possible. The Black Panther is known to be the first black superhero in mainstream comics, and it is time for Marvel to remind audiences of the epic adventures of this comic book hero.

     Cheney-Rice, Zak. "What Marvel's 'Black Panther' Superhero Movie Really Says About America." Identities.Mic. 4 Nov. 2014. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. <http://mic.com/articles/103392/7-reasons-why-the-black-panther-superhero-movie-is-marvel-s-best-idea-in-years>.​

Mad Men and Race

I don’t know about you all but I am a huge Mad Men fan. Many of the things that we have discussed in this class remind me of the show simply because we are dealing with the same time period in class that is portrayed in the show. Since the beginning of the show, critics have questioned the way in which African Americans are portrayed in the show, saying that they are almost not shown at all. Instead the only blacks that are in the show are in roles of servitude. The critics are right: very few African Americans were portrayed in the show. But this is an accurate depiction of what life looked like for a well to do white family in the 60s.

In the very first episode Donald Draper, the leading character in the show, is sitting in a restaurant working on an ad campaign for Lucky Strike Cigarettes. A black busboy named Sam comes to the table next to Don to clear the table. Don then asks him a question about smoking and the two begin to have good conversation about why they smoke the brand of cigarettes that they do. However, the white restaurant manager sees this happening and automatically assumes that Don does not want to be conversing with the busboy. The manager comes over and quickly tells Sam to get back to work and apologizes to Don. This event is significant because it reinforces the ideas that we have learned in class about the view that African Americans are only good at jobs that serve others. Sam was portrayed at a hardworking man who only speaks when spoken to. However, that was not good enough for the white manager.

In the first few years of the show, Carla, the Draper’s housekeeper and nanny, was the only African American women portrayed in the show. Again, this image of a black housekeeper reinforces the stereotypical view that African American women especially, are only meant to work in jobs where they are at the service of others. Just like the images of Aunt Jemima, which depict the stereotypical role of black women, Carla is shown taking orders from Betty, Don’s wife, and taking care of the children. Furthermore, she is portrayed as an advocate for the Civil Rights Movement but does not dare to say that she wants racial equality for fear of termination. The relationship between Carla and Betty is an interesting one. Betty simply does not understand why blacks would want civil rights and is almost clueless as to what life is like for African Americans. In an episode set in 1963, Carla is at the Draper household listening to the funeral of the girl’s killed in the 16^th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham. Betty then says, “Maybe civil rights isn’t supposed to happen right now.” This scene reinforces the idea that Betty, and most women from her social standing, are clueless about their white privilege.

Lastly, Hollis is the elevator operator in the building where Don’s advertising agency is housed. He, like Sam and Carla, is portrayed as a service man to privileged white men. One of the most tension filled racial problems in the show revolves around Hollis. Pete Campbell, an account man, is given the task of finding a new campaign strategy for Admiral Television when he realizes that sales are the highest among black consumers. He then pitches a black-targeted marketing campaign with ads in Ebony and black newspapers. However he is quickly shut down by his superiors when an agency partner Bert Cooper says, “Admiral Television has no interest in becoming a colored television company.” Although Cooper is portrayed to be quite liberal in his views on social justice and civil rights, he knows that racism is good for their business. If whites see that African Americans are buying products that whites have, whites will stop buying those products. Like Betty, Pete is such a child of privilege that he has no understanding of the politics of race in America.

An article about this issue of African Americans in Mad Men was published in Slate Magazine (I will put the link at the end of this post). Interestingly, the authors detailed his thoughts about race in advertising, something I have not thought much about before. The author argues that the racism that was alive in advertising in the 60s is still true today. The author writes that white consumers will still abandon a product once its brand is “too black” and black consumers will abandon a product that is “too black” for the reason of not wanting to be stereotyped. Even today where famous African American celebrities endorse certain products, there is very much a tipping point in today’s advertising age. The moment a product is considered “too black” or even “ghetto,” white consumers will abandon those products and African Americans will too.

http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/features/2012/mad_men_and_race_the_series_handling_of_race_has_been_painfully_accurate_/mad_men_and_race_the_series_handling_of_race_has_been_painfully_accurate_.html

Silent Film Released 101 Years Post Production

     A never-before publicly seen silent film featuring black actors and actresses has been rediscovered after spending a decade in the Museum of Modern Art film archives. The untitled film from 1913 is now the subject of a new exhibit at MOMA. It was never produced in its time; finally, the film is earning some of the attention that it deserves.

    Today's exhibit at MOMA (running through March 2015) is called 100 Years In Post-Production: Resurrecting A Lost Landmark of Black Film History. The exhibit tells the story behind this silent film's production.​ The film features Bert Williams, one of the most famous black actors/comedians of the Vaudeville era.  Similar to many other silent films, there is a picnic and dancing and hope-fullness. However, there is one clear dissimilarity when compared with history's other silent films: An interracial cast. It is a romantic comedy which is uplifting and unordinary for the time period.

     The film is a gem because it was created during a time when stereotypes and lynchings were the norm. The storyline centers around actress Odessa Warren Grey, who is courted by three different men. The film features a kiss between Williams and Grey, which could be noted as "the first example of such affection for black characters on film," said Ronald S. Magliozzi, the organizer of the exhibition. Plus, Grey is not the only black woman to be portrayed as working, happy, and dating. There are many special qualities about the film, especially the presence of Bert William. He was the first black Broadway star, an actor in the famous Ziegfeld Follies, and performed in blackface.

     The film had a black director which provides the film with even more legitimacy in regard to the  portrayal of black culture at the time. After I watched a clip of the actors performing a cakewalk, the meaningfulness of the film became clear. It is truly full of history, culture, and originality. It is like nothing that I have ever seen before, and I hope to be able to see more. It is undeniably entertaining and provides insight into the lives of African Americans from a century ago. I am excited for the film's spotlight at MOMA because I want other people to have the opportunity to view and appreciate this masterpiece . 

I recommend watching the excerpts on the MOMA website to get a sense of how remarkable the film is: http://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/exhibitions/1528

    

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/nyregion/coming-soon-a-century-late-a-black-film-gem.html?_r=1